S-Z

Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, by Donald A. MacKenzie, [1915], at sacred-texts.com

Saliva, Isis serpent formed from, 45; magical qualities of, 46.

Samaria, building of, 405; murder of Jezebel in, 410; Assyrians capture, 455; "ten tribes" deported, 455; Babylonians settled in, 456.

Sammu-rammat (sam´mu-ram-mat), Queen of Assyria, as Semiramis, 417, 437, 438; a Babylonian, 418; high status of, 419; relation to Adad-nirari IV, 419, 420; innovations of, 421; mother worship and, 423, 436; Queen Nakia like, 470, 471.

Samsu-iluna (säm-sü-il-ü´na), King, son of Hammurabi, slays Rim-Sin, 249; Kassites appear in reign of, 255; Erech and Ur restored by, 256.

Sandan (sän´dän), the god, 261; Agni and Melkarth and, 346; winged disk of, 348. Also rendered Sandes.

Sandstorms, the Babylonian, 24.

Sap of plants, vitalized by water of life, 45.

Sarah, Abraham's wife, 16.

Saraswati (să-răs´wă-tee), wife of Brahma, 101.

Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a-pā´lus), palace burning of, 350; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486, 487, 488.

Sargon of Akkad, as Patriarch, xxxiii; the Patriarch-Tammuz myth of, 91, 437; humble origin of, 125; legend of like Indian Karna story, 126; empire of, 127; Enlil-bani of Isin like, 133; Gilgamesh legend and, 171, 172; Sargon II an incarnation of, 462.

Sargon II, King of Assyria, excavations

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at city of, xx; "Lost Ten Tribes" deported by, 455; Merodach Baladan revolt, 457; Syrian revolts against, 458, 459; tribute from Piru of Mutsri, 458; Piru and Pharaoh, 458 n.; Isaiah warns Ahaz regarding, 459; Hittites and, 460; Urartu crippled by, 460, 461; Merodach Baladan ejected by, 462; Messianic pretensions of, 462; Dur-Sharrukin built by, 463; deities worshipped by, 463; assassination of, 463, 464.

Saturn, the planet, Horus as, 300, 302; in sun and moon group, 301; Ninip (Nirig) as, 301; as ghost of elder god, 302; month of, 305; the "black", 314, 315; in astrology, 318.

Satyrs, the dance of at Babylon, 114, 333.

Saul, the ephod ceremony, 213, 214; cremation of, 350.

Saushatar (sa-ü-sha´tär), King of Mitanni, Assyria subdued by, 279, 280.

Sayce, Professor, on Dagon-Dagan problem, 32; on Daonus and Tammuz, 83; on Hittite chronology, 264; on star worship, 317; on the goat god, 332, 333; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348, 428.

Sceaf or Scef, "the sheaf", Tammuz and the Germanic myth of, 91, 92, 93, 210.

Schliemann, pottery finds by, 263.

Schools, in Hammurabi Age, 251.

Scorpion man and wife, in Gilgamesh epic, 177, 178.

Scotland, the sea god of, 33; spitting customs in, 47; the "Great Mother" in, a demon, 64; return of dead dreaded in, 70; "calling back" belief in, 70 n.; south-west wind a hag like Babylonian, 73; fairies and elves of, 80, 186; Tammuz-Diarmid myth of, 85; Diarmid a love god of, 87; the eternal goddess of, 101; "the Yellow Muilearteach" of, 151; slain by Finn as Merodach slays Tiamat, 151; great eel story of, 152; mother-monster Sumerian lore in, 153; giant lore of, 164, 317; Etana-like eagle myth of, 167, 168; John Barleycorn, the Icelandic god Barleycorn and Nimrod, 170, 170 n., 171; water of life myths of, 186, 187; dark tunnel stories of, 189; Pictish customs in, 212; the Gunna, 213; seers and bull skin ceremony, 213; folk cures in, 232, 233; pig as the devil in, 293; May day solar belief in, 348; the "seven sleepers" in, 394; "death thraw" belief, 427 n.; doves and ravens, 429; pigeon lore in, 431.

Scott, Sir Walter, the Taghairm ceremony, 213.

Scyld. See Sceaf.

Scythians, raids of in Western Asia, 461; Esarhaddon and, 472; fall of Nineveh, 488.

Sea demon, Ea as a, 62.

Sea fire, 50, 51.

Sea giants, the Babylonian, 34.

Sea goddess, Ea's spouse as, and earth lady, 34.

Sea gods, Ea, Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Shony, and Njord as, 33.

"Sea Lady", the, Sabitu, in Gilgamesh epic, 178, 179; Germanic hag and, 184, 185; the Indian Maya like, 188.

Sea of Death, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 et seq.

Sealand, Dynasty of in Hammurabi Age, 257; in Kassite Age, 274, 275.

Seasonal changes, evil spirits cause, 65.

Seasons, the, of Babylonia, 23, 24.

Sebek (seb´ek), Egyptian crocodile god, as a weeping deity, 29.

Sekhet (se´khet), the Egyptian goddess, Ishtar and, 57.

Seleucid Period, Lagash occupied in, 243.

Seleucus I, 498.

Seleukeia, rival city to Babylon, 498.

"Self power", xxxiii; conception of in stage of Naturalism, 291; the "world soul" conception, 304; Anu a form of, 328; the "world soul", 328; gods as phases of, 329; stars as phases of, 331.

Semiramis (sem-ir´a-mis), Queen, as founder of Nineveh, 277; Queen Sammu-rammat as, 417; mother worship and, 423, 434; birth legend like Shakuntala's, 423, 424; as representative of mother goddess, 425; buildings and mounds of, 425, 426; Persian connection, 427, 433; dove symbol of, 431, 432; origin of legend of, 437, 438; Urartu and, 441; Queen Nakia and, 471; wife of Cambyses like, 496. See Sammu-rammat.

Semites, Akkadians were, 2; the racial

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blend of, 9 et seq.; influence of on Sumerian gods, 135, 136, 137.

Sennacherib (sen-näk´er-ib ), King of Assyria, 463; wars of in Elam and Asia Minor, 464; Ionians deported to Nineveh by, 464; Merodach Baladan's second reign, 465; army of destroyed by "angel of the Lord", 466, 467; death of Merodach Baladan, 468; destruction of Babylon by, 468, 469; murder of, 470; Nakia, Babylonian wife of, 471.

Sergi, Professor, on Syrian and Asia Minor races, 11, 267.

Serpent, Isis makes from saliva of Ra, 45; in group of seven spirits, 63; the world, 150; dragon as, 157, 158; totemic theory, 293, 296; in Crete, 430.

Serpent charms, as fertility and birth charms, 150, 165.

Serpent worship, 77.

Serpents, the mother of, in Zu bird myth, 74, 75; the Babylonian and Egyptian, 74-76, 150.

Sesostris (se-sōs´tris), Hittite god identified with, 441; Semiramis and, 426. Set, as boar demon, 46, 85, 293; as the dragon, 156; as thunder god, 261.

Seti I (set´ee), of Egypt, struggle of with Hittites, 364.

Seven, the demons in groups of, 34. "Sevenfold One", 298; constellations as, 300 et seq.; Tammuz as, 304, 317.

"Seven sleepers", the, 394.

Seven spirits, the, dragon, &c., in, 63; the daughters of Anu, 68; the sexless, 71.

Shabaka (shä´bä-kä), King of Egypt, the Biblical So and, 454 n.

Shakespeare, "Jack" the fairy, 66; Tiamat-like imagery in, 151; "sea devils", 152; grave inscription of, 214, 215; astrology references, 324, 325.

Shakuntala (shă-koon´ta-läh), birth legend of like Semiramis's, 423, 424; Persian eagle legend and, 493.

Shallum (shäl´lüm), revolt of at Samaria, 449.

Shalmaneser I (shäl-män-e´-ser), of Assyria, a great conqueror, 363; western and northern expansion, 366; Kalkhi capital of, 367.

Shalmaneser III, referred to in Bible, 401; attacks on Aramæans and Hittites, 407; Ahab of Israel fights against, 407; authority of in Babylonia, 408, 409; defeat of Hazael of Damascus, 411; tribute from Jehu of Israel, 411, 412; conquests of, 414; revolt of son against, 414; death of, 415; Babylonian culture, 422; library of at Kalkhi, 422.

Shalmaneser IV, of Assyria, reign of, 439; Urartu wars of, 442. Shalmaneser V, imprisons Hoshea of Israel, 454, 455.

Shamash (shäm´ash), Semitic name of sun god, 40; Babbar Sumerian name of, 54, 240; Mitra and Varuna and, 54; as god of destiny, 55; Mithra and, 55. 56; sun as "boat of the sky", 56, 57; consort and attendants of, 57, 100; local importance of, 58; in eagle and serpent myths, 75, 76; in demon war, 76; development of, 132; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.; as an abstract deity, 240, 241; oracle of pleads for Merodach, 272; month of, 305; as the "high head", 334; "water sun" of, 334; the wheel symbol of, 347; Aramæans destroy temple of, 445; worshipped by Esarhaddon, 471; oracle of and Ashur-bani-pal, 481; Nabonidus and, 492.

Shamash-shum-ukin (sham´ash-shumü´kin), King of Babylon, 471, 476, 480; restoration of Merodach, 480, 481; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; burns himself in palace, 485.

Shamshi-Adad VII (sham´shi-ad´ad), King of Assyria, 414; civil war, 415; conquests of, 415, 416; culture in reign of, 423; rise of Urartu, 440.

Shär, the god. See Anshar.

Shär Apsi, "King of the Deep", Ea as, 28, 29.

"Shar Kishsháte", "King of the World", Assyrian title, 363, 370.

Sharduris III (shar´dü-ris), of Urartu, routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447.

Shaving customs, significance of, 4; of Arabians and Libyans, &c., 9; why Sumerian gods were bearded, 135-137.

Shedu (shā´du), the destroying bull, 65; as household fairy, 77.

Sheep, skin of in graves, 213.

Shepherd, the divine, Tammuz as, 53.

Sheshonk (shish´ak), Pharaoh of Egypt, alliance with Solomon, 388; Hebrews spoiled by, 391, 402.

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Shinar, the Biblical, 111, 247; Amraphel (Hammurabi) of, 131.

Shishak. See Sheshonk.

Shivă, the Indian god, Bel Enlil like, 38; the Sumerian Ninip like, 53; Osiris and Ra like, 63; in "dying Indra" myth, 10l.

Shony (shon´ee), sea god of Scottish Hebrides, 33.

Shü, the Egyptian god, created from saliva, 46.

Shubari (shu-bä´ri) tribes, 284.

Shurippak´ or Shurruppak´, city of, in flood legend, 190, 191, 243.

Shushan. See Susa.

Siberia, elves of, 105; "calling back" of ghosts in, 69, 70.

Sidon, conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491; tribute of to Adad-nirari IV, 439; Tyre and, 388, 392; Israel an ally of, 406; in league against Esarhaddon, 472; destruction of, 473.

Siegfried (seeg´freed), "birds of Fate" sang to, 65; the "Regin" dragon, 156, 164.

Signs of the Zodiac. See Zodiac.

Sigurd (see´goord), link with Merodach as dragon slayer, 147 n.; the "Fafner" dragon, 156, 164.

Sin, desert of, called after moon god, 52.

Sin, the moon god, 51, 52; consort and children of, 53; Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna chastise, 54, 55; in demon war, 76, 77; as father of Isis, 100; as form of Merodach, 160; month of, 305; Ashur worshipped with, 353; Nabonidus as worshipper of, 494. See Moon and Nannar.

Sinai, mountains of, called after moon god, 52.

Sin-iksha (sin-ik´sha), King of Isin, 133.

Sin-magir (sin-mä´gir), King of Isin, 133.

Sin-muballit (sin-mü-bäl´lit), King, father of Hammurabi, 132, 242; struggle of with Elamites, 243.

Sin-shar-ish´kun, last King of Assyria, 487.

Sippar (sip´par), sun god chief deity of, 40; a famous priestly teacher of, 42; goddess of assists Merodach to create mankind, 148; rise of sun cult of, 240; first Amoritic king of, 241; Esarhaddon plunders, 472.

Sirius, the star, Teutonic giant as, 295; goddess Isis as, 296.

Skull forms, language and, 3; of Mongolian, Ural-Altaic, and Mediterranean peoples, 3, 4; Kurdish and Armenian treatment, 4, 5; of early Egyptians and Sumerians, 7 et seq.; Palæolithic still survive, 8; persistence of, 8; broad heads in Western Asia, Egypt, and India, 8, 9; the Semitic, 10.

Sky, conception of "Self Power" of, 292; god of, 31; goddesses of, 36, 37. Sleeper, the divine, Angus, the Irish, and Tammuz, 90.

Sleepers, the seven, the Indras as, 101; Thomas the Rhymer, Finn, Napoleon, and Skobeleff as, 164; as spirits of fertility, 164; Tammuz and, 210.

Smith, Professor Elliot, on Sumerian origins, 7; on origin of Semites, 10; on conquest by Akkadians of Sumerians, 12; on first use of copper, 12; on early Egyptian invasion of "broad heads", 263, 264.

Smith, George, career and discoveries of, xxi-xxiii; "Descent of Ishtar", 95 et seq.

Smith, Professor Robertson, on Atargatis legend, 28; on life-blood beliefs, 47; on agricultural weeping ceremony, 83.

Snakes, doves and, Cretan goddess and, 430.

So, King of Egypt, Shabaka and other kings and, 454, 454 n.

Sokar, a composite monster god, 135.

Sokar (sok´är), Egyptian lord of fear, 63.

Solomon, King, ally of Egypt and Tyre, 388, 389; sea trade of with India, 389, 390; Babylonia during period of, 391; Judah and Israel separated after death of, 401, 402.

Soma (sō´mă), source of inspiration, 45.

Song of the Sea Lady, in Gilgamesh epic, 178, 179.

"Soul of the land", river Euphrates as the, 23.

Souls, carried to Hades by eagle, 168.

Spells on water, 44; layers of punished, 233.

Spinning, in Late Stone Age, 14.

Spirits, "air" and "breath" as, 48, 49; gods evolved from, 60; the good and evil, 58, 63, 77, 78, 236; the Gorgons, 159; periodic liberation of,

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[paragraph continues] 65; the "calling back" belief, 69, 70; penetrate everywhere, 72; of luck and fate, 77, 236; elves, Ribhus, and Burkans as, 105.

Spitting customs, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, 46, 47.

Spring sun, the, Tammuz as god of, 53.

Sri, the Indian eternal mother, 101.

Stars, the, great beauty of in Babylonia, 24; "Will-o’-the-wisps" as, 67; Zu bird and, 74; Merodach fixes Signs of the Zodiac, 147; the "stations" of Enlil and Ea, 147; animals and myths of the, 289; in various local mythologies, 290; the "host of heaven", 294; as totems, 295; as ghosts, 295, 304; in mythologies of Teutons, Aryo-Indians, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., 295, 296, 319, 320; star of Osiris, 296; Ishtar myths, 295, 299; Merodach as Regulus and Capella, 299; bi-sexual deities and the, 299; early association of Isis with, 300; three for each month, 307, 308, 309; the "divinities of council", 309; the doctrine of mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; popular worship of, 317; as "birth-ruling divinities", 318; spirits of associated with gods, 318; in Indian Vedas and "Forest Books", 318; Biblical references to, 324; literary references to, 325; Anshar as the Pole star, 330; Isaiah and Polar star myth, 331; Polar star as "the kid", 333; in Ashur ring symbol, 344.

Steer, moon god as the, 52, 135.

Stone Age, the Late, pottery of in Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Europe, 5; origin of agriculture in, 6; in Palestine, 10; racial blending in Egypt in, 11; civilization in, 13 et seq.; refined faces of men of, 15.

Stone worship, moon worship and, 52; Ninip the bull god and, 53.

Storm demons, the Babylonian Shutu and Adapa legend, 72, 73; the European, 72, 73. See Wind hags.

Strabo, on Babylonian works of Alexander, 498; on Semiramis legend, 425.

Straw girdle, a birth charm, 165.

Subbi-luliuma (süb´bi-lu-li-ü´ma), Hittite king, conquests of, 283, 363.

Sumer, or Sumeria (shoo´mer and sum-ā´ri-a), its racial and geographical significance, 1; early name of Kengi, 2; agriculture in at earliest period, 6; culture of indigenous, 6, 7; women's high social status in, 16, 17; Eridu a seaport of, 22; surplus products and trade of, 25; gods of like Egyptian, 26, 36, 37; modes of thought and habits of life in, 51; the Great Mother Tiamat of, 106; early history of, 109 et seq.; principal cities of, 110; the "plain of Shinar", 111; why gods of were bearded, 135, 136, 137; burial customs of like early Egyptian, 211, 214; cities of destroyed in Hammurabi Age, 243; the Biblical Shinar is, 247; stars in primitive religion of, 289; Naturalism and the Zi, 291; sculpture of compared with Assyrian, 401.

Sumerian goddesses, racial origin of, 105.

Sumerians, characteristics of, 2; Akkadians adopted culture of, 2, 3; unlike the Chinese, 3; Mongolian affinities of doubtful, 3; language of agglutinative like those of Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques, 3; Ural-Altaic racial theory, 4; shaving customs of, 5; of Mediterranean or Brown Race, 7; congeners of prehistoric Europeans, 9; Arabs and Egyptians and, 9, 10; conquered by Akkadians, 12; survival of culture and language of, 13; in early Copper Age, 12, 13; pious records of kings of, 112; how history of is being restored, 113; the earliest dates, 114; end of political power of, 217; as early astronomers, 300.

Sums-abum (su´mu-a´bum), early Amoritic king, 241.

Sumu-la-ilu (su-mu´la-i´lu), early King of Hammurabi Age, 241; capture of Kish by, 241, 242; Assyrian king claims descent from, 419.

Sun, origin of in sea fire, 50, 51; seasonal worship of, 53, 240; Mitra and Varuna as regulators of, 54; as "boat of the sky", 56; as a planet, 301; as bridegroom, 306, 306 n.; in astrology, 318; the "man in" the, 335, 336.

Sun, god of, Ninip, Nirig, and Nergal as, 53, 54, 303; Babbar as, 54; as Judge of living and dead, 54; as seer of secret sin, 54, 55; links between Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna, 54, 55;

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[paragraph continues] Ninip and Nin-Girsu, and Babbar and Shamash, 132; Tammuz as, 158; forms of, 297, 298; Horus as the, 300; as offspring and spouse of moon, 301; Orion as a manifestation of, 305; animals identified with, 329, 330; symbols of, 335, 336.

Sundial, a Babylonian invention, 323; of Ahaz, 323.

Sun god, Shamash as, 40; centres of, 40. See Shamash.

Sun goddess, the Babylonian and Hittite, 57.

Surpanakha (sür-pă´năk-hä), the Indian demon, like Lilith, 67.

Susa, prehistoric pottery of, 5; capital of Elam, 111; Hammurabi Code discovered at, 222; burning of Persian palace at, 497.

Sutarna II (sü-tär´nä), King of Mitanni, 283; deposed by rival, 284.

Sutekh (süt´ekh), as tribal god, 156; as dragon slayer, 157; Hittite thunder and fertility god and, 261.

Suti (sü´ti), the, Aramæan robbers, 285, 359, 360; settled in Asia Minor, 461.

Svip´dag, Gilgamesh and, 184, 185. Swan, Irish love god as, 428 n.; love messenger in India, 429.

Swan maidens, as lovers, 68.

Swine, offerings of to sea god, 33; demons enter, 71; sacrificed to Tammuz, 85; associated with Osiris, 85; Gaelic Hag's herd of, 87; sacrifice of to cure disease, 236; Ninip as boar god, 302.

Symbolism, forehead symbol of Apis bull and Sumerian goat, 334; "high heads": Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash, 334; symbols of "high heads", 334; the "world spine" and "world tree", 334; the "water sun" of Shamash, 334; Ashur's winged disks or "wheels", 334 et seq.; "man in the sun" in Assyria, Egypt, and India, 335, 336; Blake's "double vision", 336; the arrow symbol, 337; "shuttle" of Neith a thunder-bolt, 337 n.; Assyria the cedar, 340, 341; Isaiah and Ezekiel use Babylonian and Assyrian, 341; the eagle, 343, 344; Ezekiel's wheels and four-faced cherubs, 344 et seq.; wheels or disks of Hittites, Indians, &c., 347, 348; the double axe, 348; the Ashur arrow, 351, 352; the "dot within the circle" and egg thorn, 352.

Syria, broad heads in, 8; early races in, 11; supposed invasion of by Lugal-zaggisi, 125; Sargon of Akkad's empire in, 127; hill god of, 136; sheepskin burials in, 213; culture of higher than Egypt at end of Hyksos Age, 275.

Tabal (ta-bäl´), Hittite Cilician kingdom of, 395; Shalmaneser III subdues king of, 414; Sargon II conquers, 460, 461; Biblical reference to, 464; tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483.

Tablets of Destiny, the, Zu bird steals, 74; Tiamat gives to Kingu in Creation legend, 141, 145; Merodach takes from Kingu, 146; Ninip receives, 158.

Taharka (tä-har´ka), King of Egypt, in anti-Assyrian revolt, 465; intrigues against Esarhaddon, 471; Esarhaddon's invasion of Egypt, 475; flight of, 475, 476; death of, 482.

Tammuz, Osiris and, xxxi, 81; variations of myths of; xxxii; blood of in river, 47, 48; as the shepherd and spring sun, 53; spends winter in Hades, 53; links with Mithra, 55, 94; son of Ea, 82; Belit-sheri, sister of; 98; Ishtar, mother and lover of, 10l; worship of among Hebrews, 82, 106, 107; as "the man of sorrows", 88; "the true and faithful son", 93; as the patriarch, 82; Sargon of Akkad myth and, 91; links with Adonis, Attis, Diarmid, and pre-Hellenic deities, 83, 84; blood of in river, 85; kid and sucking pig of, 85; as "steer of heaven", 85; Nin-shach, boar god, as slayer of, 86; Ishtar laments for, 86; month of wailings for, 87-89; why Ishtar deserted, 99, 103; as the love god, 87; dies with vegetation, &c., 87, 88; sacred cedar of; 88; in gloomy Hades, 89; return of like Frode (Frey), 95; as the slumbering corn child, 89, 90, 91; Teutonic Scyld or Sceaf and, 92, 93; Frey, Hermod, and Heimdal like, 93; as world guardian and demon-slayer like Heimdal and Agni, 94; as the healer like Khonsu, 94; Ishtar visits Hades for, 96, 97, 98; refusal to leave Hades, 98; like Kingu in Tiamat myth, 106;

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[paragraph continues] Nin-Girsu, or En-Mersi, of Lagash a form of, 116, 120; Nina and Belitsheri and, 117; Sargon myth like Indian Karna story, 126, 437; Zamama, Merodach, Ninip and, 53, 126, 158, 241, 302, 305; as elder god, 159; Etana and Gilgamesh and, 164; as patriarch and sleeper, 164; eagle of, 120, 168; Nimrod myth, 170; John Barleycorn and, 170; Gilgamesh and, 171, 172, 210; in Gilgamesh epic, 176; Nebo and, 303, 435; Adonis slain by boar god of war, 304; planetary deities and, 301, 304; forms of like Horus, 305; astral links with Merodach and Attis, 305; Ashur and, 337, 340, 348; identified with Nusku, &c., 354; as Anshar, En Mersi, and Nin-Girsu, 333; doves and, 428 n.

Tanutamon (tä-nut´ämon), Ethiopian king, Assyrians expelled from Memphis by, 482, 483; defeat of, 483.

Tarku (tär´kü), Asia Minor thunder god, 35, 57, 261, 395.

Tarsus, Hittite city of, 395.

Tashmit (täsh´mit), spouse of Nebo, 436; creatrix and, 437.

Taylor, J. E., xx.

Tears, agricultural weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.

Tears of deities, the fertilizing, 29; the creative, 45, 46.

Tefnut (tef´nut), the Egyptian goddess, created from saliva, 46.

Tell-el-Amarna letters, historical evidence from, 280 et seq.; Assyrian king's letter, 284, 285.

Tello (tello´), Lagash site, 120; archaic forms of gods, 135; mound of, Lagash site, 243.

Temples, the houses of gods, 60.

Teshub or Teshup (tesh´ub), thunder god of Armenia, 261; as a Mitannian god, 2691 in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 282, 395.

Teutonic sea-fire belief, 51.

Thebes, sack of by Assyrians, 483.

Theodoric (toyd´rik or thē-od´o-rik), the Goth, myths of, 164.

Thomas the Rhymer, as a "sleeper", 164.

Thompson, R. Campbell, 34, 39, 72, 76, 234, 235, 238, 239.

Thor, Ramman and Dadu or Hadad as, 57; Dietrich as, 74, 164; the hammer of, 238; deities that link with, 261; the goat and, 333, 334; Ashur, Tammuz, and Indra and, 340.

Thorkill (thōr´kill), the Germanic, Gilgamesh and, 185.

Thoth (thōth or tā-hoo´tee), the Egyptian god, as chief of Ennead, 36; curative saliva of, 46; Sumerian moon god like, 301.

Thothmes III (thōth´mes), of Egypt, wars against Mitanni, 275; correspondence of with Assyrian king, 276, 279.

Thunder god, Ramman, Hadad or Dadu, and Enlil as, 35, 57; Indra as, 35; Dietrich as Thor, 74; in Babylonian Zu and Indian Garuda myths, 74, 75, 169; in demon war, 76; Merodach as, 144; Hercules as, 171; horn and hammer of, 238; the Hittite, 260; the Amorite, Mitannian, Kassite, and Aryan, 261; Ptah of Egypt a, 263, 264.

Thunder goddess, the Egyptian Neith a, 337 n.

Thunderstone, weapon of Merodach and Ramman, 144, 159, 160.

Tiamat (ti´a-mat), like Egyptian Nut, 37; in group of early deities, 64; the "brood" of, 64, 65; as Great Mother, 106; in Creation legend, 138; plots with Apsu and Mummu, 139; as Avenger of Apsu, 140; exalts Kingu, 141; Anu and Ea fears, 142; Merodach goes against, 144; slaying of, 146; Merodach divides "Ku-pu" of, 147; the dragon's heart, 147 n.; body of forms sky and earth, 147; followers of "fallen gods", 150; as origin of good and evil, 150; beneficent forms of, 150; as the dragon of the deep, 151; Gaelic sea monster and, 151; Alexander the Great sees, 151; the Scottish "eel" and, 151; "brood of" in Beowulf, 151; vulnerable part of, 153; Ishtar and, 157; the Gorgons and, 159; in Germanic legend, 202; grave demons and, 215; reference to by Damascius, 328. (Also rendered "Tiawath". )

Tiana (ti-an´i), Hittite city of, 395.

Tibni, revolt of in Israel, 405.

Tidal (ti´dal), Saga on Hittite connections of, 264, 265; Tudhula of the Hittites as, 247, 248.

Tiglath-pileser I (tig´lath pi-le´sur), of Assyria, 382; conquests of, 383, 384´

Tiglath-pileser IV, the Biblical "Pul", 444; Babylonian campaign of, 445, 446; Sharduris of Urartu defeated by, 446, 447; Israel, Damascus, and Tyre pay tribute to, 449; destruction of Urarti capital, 450; appeal of Ahaz to, 451, 452; Israel punished by, 453; Babylon welcomes, 453; triumphs of, 454.

Tigris, the river, 22; as "the bestower of blessings", 23; rise and fall and length of, 24.

Tiy, Queen, in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 283; Semiramis like, 418; Aton and Mut worship, 419; mother worship and, 423.

Toothache, Babylonian cure of, 234, 235.

Totems, the bear, 164; mountains, trees, and animals as, 292, 293; surnames and, 293; the fish of Ea and, 294; eating the in Egypt, 295; doves, snakes, crocodiles, &c., as, 432, 433; Persian eagle, 493.

Trade routes, Babylonia and Assyria struggle for, 286; the ancient, 356; Baghdad and other railways following, 357; ancient Powers struggled to control, 358; Babylon's route to Egypt, 359; Arabian desert route opened, 360; route abandoned, 361; Elam's caravan roads, 361; struggle for Mesopotamia, 361 et seq.; Babylon's trade with China, Egypt, &c., 371, 372.

Transmigration of souls, 315.

"Tree of Life", Professor Sayce on the Babylonian, 39.

Tree worship, Tammuz, Adonis and Osiris and, 88; Ashur and, 339; Ezekiel on Assyria's tree, 340, 341.

Trees, in Babylonia, 24, 25; sap as the "blood" of, 47; as totems, 291, 293.

Trident, the lightning, weapon of Merodach, 144.

Tritons, the, 33.

Tudhula (tüd´hü-lä), a Hittite king, identified with Biblical Tidal, 247, 248; forms of name of, 264, 265.

Tukulti-Ninip I (tu-kul´ti-nin´ip), of Assyria, 368, 369.

Tukulti-Ninip III, 396.

Tunnel, the dark, in Gilgamesh epic, 178; Germanic land of darkness, 185; in Alexander the Great myth, 185, 186; in Indian legends, 187, 188; in Scottish folk tales, 189.

Turkestan, early civilization of and the Sumerian, 5; did agriculture originate in? 6; prehistoric painted pottery in, 263.

Turkey, great Powers and, 357; language of and Sumerian, 3.

Turks, of Ural-Altaic stock, 4.

Tushratta (tüsh´rat-ta), King of Mitanni, 280; correspondence of with Egyptian kings, 282 et seq.; murder of, 283.

Twin goddesses, Ishtar and Belitsheri, 98, 99; Isis and Nepthys, 99.

Tyr, the Germanic god, mother of a demon, 64.

Tyre, relations with Sidon and Hebrews, 388, 389, 392; tribute of to Adad-nirari IV, 439; gifts from to Tiglath-pileser IV, 449; King Luli and Assyria, 465; Esarhaddon and, 474, 475; tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483; conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491, 492.

Tyrol, the demon lover of, 68; wind hags of, 74.

Uazit (oo´az-it), Egyptian serpent goddess, 150.

Umma (oom´ma), city of, Lagash and, 118; captured by Eannatum, 118; crushing defeat of by Entemena, 119, 120; king of destroys Lagash, 123, 124.

Ur, Nannar, moon god of, 40; the moon god Baal of, 51; antiquity of, 52; Lagash king sways, 119; empire of, 130; moon god of supreme, 130; Abraham migrates from, 131, 245; revolt of with Larsa against Isin, 132; moon god of in Kish, 241; under Elamite kings of Larsa in Hammurabi Age, 242; Abraham's migration from, 245; Chaldæans and, 391; revolt against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabonidus and, 492.

Ura (oo´ra), god of disease, 77.

Ural-Altaic stock, Turks and Finns of, Sumerians and, 4.

Urartu (ür-ar´tü), combines with Phrygians and Hittites against Sargon II, 460; as vassal state of Assyria, 461; rise of kingdom of, 395; god and culture of, 440; Adad-nirari and, 440; ethnics of, 440 n.; capital of,

p. 535

[paragraph continues] 441; Sharduris of routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447, 450; alliance with Hittites against Sargon II, 460; as vassal state of Assyria, 461; Cimmerians and Scythians raid, 461, 464; Sennacherib's murderers escape to, 470; in Esarhaddon's reign, 472; Assyrian alliance with, 473, 486; Cyaxares king of, 493.

Uri (ür´i), early name of Akkad, 2.

Ur-Nina (ür-ni´nä), King of Lagash, 116; gods worshipped by, 116, 117; famous plague of, 117, 118.

Ur-Ninip (ür-nin´ip), King of Isin, 132; mysterious death of, 133.

Uruk (ür´uk). See Erech.

Urukagina (ür-u-kag´in-a), King of Lagash, first reformer in history, 121; taxes and temple fees reduced by, 122, 210, 211; fall of, 123, 124.

Urumush (ür´ü-mush), Akkadian emperor, 127.

Utu (ü´tü), Sumerian name of sun god, 55.

Valentine, St., mating day of, 430.

Vărună, the Indian god, links with Ea-Oannes, 31, 34; sea fire of, 50, 51; Shamash the sun god and, 54; association of with rain, 55; Sumerian links with, 55, 56; worshippers of buried dead, 56; no human beings in Paradise of, 209; attire of deities in Paradise of, 212; the goat and, 333.

Vas´olt, Tyrolese storm demon, 74.

Vayu (vä´yu), Indian wind god, 35.

Vedas (vay´dăs), astronomy of the, 318.

Venus, the goddess, 17, 296; lovers of, 102.

Venus, the planet, Ishtar as, 296; female at sunset and male at sunrise, 299; in sun and moon group, 301; rays of as beard, 301; as the "Proclaimer", 314; connection of with moon, 314; in astrology, 318, 324.

Vestal virgins, 228, 229.

Vishnu (vish´noo), the Indian god, like Ea, 27; Ea like, 38; eagle giant as vehicle of, 75; Sri or Lakshmi wife of, 101; sleep of on world serpent, 150; eagle and, 169, 347.

"Vital spark", the, fire as, 49.

Voice, the pure, in Sumerian spell, 46.

Vulture, as deity of fertility, 429, 430; the Persian eagle legend and, 493; goddess of Egypt, 168; as protectors of Shakuntala, 423, 424.

Wales, pig as the devil in, 293.

Warad Sin, struggle of with Babylon, 217; the Biblical Arioch, 247, 248.

Warka. See Erech.

Water, control and distribution of in Babylonia, 23, 24; corn deities and, 33; essence of life in, 44, 45, 51.

Water gods and demons, 27 et seq.

Water of Life, Gilgamesh's quest of, 177 et seq.; in Alexander the Great myth, 186; in Koran legend, 186; in Gaelic legends, 186, 187; in Indian legends, 187, 210.

Waxen figures, in folk cures, 234.

Weapons in graves, 212.

Weaving, in Late Stone Age, 14.

Weeping ceremonies, the agricultural, 82 et seq.; the Egyptian god Rem, 29.

Wells, worship of, 44.

Westminster Abbey, Long Meg and, 156.

Wheel of Life, the, Ashur, 334 et seq.; Ezekiel's references to, 344 et seq.; in Babylonian, Indian, Persian, and Hittite mythologies, 346-348; in Indian mythology, 346, 347; the sun and the, 348; "dot within the circle" and egg thorn, 352; Ahura Mazda's, 355.

Wife of Merodach, 221; Amon's wife, 221.

Wild Huntsmen, the, Asiatic gods as, 35, 64.

"Will-o’-the-wisp", the Babylonian and European, 66, 67.

Winckler, Dr. Hugo, Semitic migrations, 10; on Mitannian origins, 268, 269; Boghaz-Köi tablets found by, 280, 367.

Wind, the south-west, demon of in Babylonia and Europe, 72, 73.

Wind gods, Vayu, Enlil, Ramman, &c., as, 35.

Wind hags, Babylonia Shutu, Scottish Annie, English Annis, Irish Anu, 73; Icelandic Angerboda, 73; Tyrolese "wind brewers", 74; Artemis as one of the, 104.

Winds, the seven, as servants of Merodach, 145.

Wine seller who became queen, 114, 115; the female, 229.

Wolf, Nergal-Mars as the, 303. Women, as rulers in Egypt and Babylonia, 16, 17; treatment of in early times, 15; Nomads oppressors of, 16; exalted by Mediterranean peoples, 16; Sumerian laws regarding, 16, 17; the Sumerian language of, 17; in goddess worship, 106-108; social status of, 108; position of in Hammurabi Code, 224 et seq.; the marriage market, 224, 225; drink traffic monopolized by, 229.

World hill, in Babylonian, Indian, and Egyptian mythologies, 332.

World serpent, in Eur-Asian Mythologies, 151.

World Soul, the Brahmanic, 304, 328, 329.

"World spike", star called, 332.

"World spine", the, 332; the "world tree" and, 334; Ashur standard as, 335.

World tree, symbol of "world spine", 334

Worm, the, dragon as, 151; the legend of the, 234, 235.

Wryneck, goddess and the, 427 n.

Xerxes, Merodach's temple pillaged by, 497.

Yä, the Hebrew, Ea as, 31.

Yama (yă´mă), Osiris and Gilgamesh and, xxxii; Mitra and, 56; eagle as, 169; Gilgamesh and, 200; the Paradise of, 209.

Yng´ve, the Germanic patriarch, 93.

Yügăs, the Indian doctrine of, Babylonian origin of, 310 et seq.

Zabium (za´bi-um), king in Hammurabi Age, 242.

Zachariah, King of Israel, 449.

Zamama (zä-mä´ma), god of Kish, Tammuz traits of, 126; identified with Merodach, 241.

Zambia (zäm´bi-a), King of Isin, 133. Zedekiah, King of Judah, conspiracy against Babylonia, 490; punishment of, 491; the captivity, 491.

Zerpanitu^m (zār-pä nit-u^m), mother goddess, 100; as "Lady of the Abyss", 160; as Aruru, 160; Persian goddess and, 496.

Zeus (to rhyme with mouse), the god, as sea-god's brother, 33; in Adonis myth, 90; an imported god, 105; in father and son myth, 158; eagle of, 168; deities that link with, 261; the "Great Bear" myth and, 296.

Zi (zee), the Sumerian manifestation of life, 291; "Sige the mother" as Ziku, 328 n.

Zimri, revolt of in Israel, 405.

Zodiac, Signs of the, 147, 301, 305; Babylonian origin of, 306; Hittites, Phœnicians, and Greeks and, 306; stars of as "Divinities of Council", 309; division of, 307; the fields of Ea, Anu, and Bel, 307; three stars for each month, 307-309; the lunar in various countries, 309; when signs of were fixed, 322.

Zü bird, Garuda eagle and, xxvi; myth of, 74.

Zuzu (zü´zü), King of Opis, captured by Eannatum of Lagash, 119.