MAGNUS ERLINGSON'S SAGA

MAGNUS ERLINGSON'S SAGA.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

With this saga, which describes a series of conflicts, Snorre's
"Heimskringla" ends.  King Eystein died in 1177, but Magnus
Erlingson continued to reign until his death in 1184.  The
conflicts continued until the opposition party was led to victory
by King Sverre.

The only skald quoted is Thorbjorn Skakkaskald.

1. OF MAGNUS ERLINGSON'S BEGINNING.

When Erling got certain intelligence of the determinations of
Hakon and his counsellors, he sent a message to all the chiefs
who he knew had been steady friends of King Inge, and also to his
court-men and his retinue, who had saved themselves by flight,
and also to all Gregorius's house-men, and called them together
to a meeting.  When they met, and conversed with each other, they
resolved to keep their men together; and which resolution they
confirmed by oath and hand-shake to each other.  Then they
considered whom they should take to be king.  Erling Skakke first
spoke, and inquired if it was the opinion of the chiefs and other
men of power that Simon Skalp's son, the son of the daughter of
King Harald Gille, should be chosen king, and Jon Halkelson be
taken to lead the army; but Jon refused it.  Then it was inquired
if Nikolas Skialdvarson, a sister's son of King Magnus Barefoot,
would place himself at the head of the army; but he answered
thus: -- It was his opinion that some one should be chosen king
who was of the royal race; and, for leader of the troops, some
one from whom help and understanding were to be looked for; and
then it would be easier to gather an army.  It was now tried
whether Arne would let any of his sons, King Inge's brothers, be
proclaimed king.  Arne replies, that Kristin's son, she was the
daughter of King Sigurd the Crusader, was nearest by propinquity
of descent to the crown of Norway.  "And here is also a man to be
his adviser, and whose duty it is to take care of him and of the
kingdom; and that man is his father Erling, who is both prudent,
brave, experienced in war, and an able man in governing the
kingdom; he wants no capability of bringing this counsel into
effect, if luck be with him."  Many thought well of this advice.

Erling replied to it, "As far as I can see or hear in this
meeting, the most will rather be excused from taking upon
themselves such a difficult business.  Now it appears to me
altogether uncertain, provided we begin this work, whether he who
puts himself at the head of it will gain any honour; or whether
matters will go as they have done before when any one undertakes
such great things, that he loses all his property and possibly
his life.  But if this counsel be adopted, there may be men who
will undertake to carry it through; but he who comes under such
an obligation must seek, in every way, to prevent any opposition
or enmity from those who are now in this council."

All gave assurance that they would enter into this confederacy
with perfect fidelity.  Then said Erling, "I can say for myself
that it would almost be my death to serve King Hakon; and however
dangerous it may be, I will rather venture to adopt your advice,
and take upon me to lead this force, if that be the will,
counsel, and desire of you all, and if you will all bind
yourselves to this agreement by oath."

To this they all agreed; and in this meeting it was determined to
take Erling's son Magnus to be king.  They afterwards held a
Thing in the town; and at this Thing Magnus Erlingson, then five
years old, was elected king of the whole country.  All who had
been servants of King Inge went into his service, and each of
them retained the office and dignity he had held under King Inge
(A.D. 1161).

2. KING MAGNUS GOES TO DENMARK.

Erling Skakke made himself ready to travel, fitted out ships, and
had with him King Magnus, together with the household-men who
were on the spot.  In this expedition were the king's relatives,
-- Arne; Ingerid, King Inge's mother, with her two sons; besides
Jon Kutiza, a son of Sigurd Stork, and Erling's house-men, as
well as those who had been Gregorius's house-men; and they had in
all ten ships.  They went south to Denmark to King Valdemar and
Buriz Heinrekson, King Inge's brother.  King Valdemar was King
Magnus's blood-relation; for Ingebjorg, mother of King Valdemar,
and Malmfrid, mother of Kristin, King Magnus's mother, were
cousins.  The Danish king received them hospitably, and he and
Erling had private meetings and consultations: and so much was
known of their counsels, that King Valdemar was to aid King
Magnus with such help as might be required from his kingdom to
win and retain Norway.  On the other hand, King Valdemar should
get that domain in Norway which his ancestors Harald Gormson and 
Svein Forked-beard had possessed; namely, the whole of Viken as
far north as Rygiarbit.  This agreement was confirmed by oath and
a fixed treaty.  Then Erling and King Magnus made themselves
ready to leave Denmark, and they sailed out of Vendilskage.

3. BATTLE OF TUNSBERG.

King Hakon went in spring, after the Easter week, north to
Throndhjem, and had with him the whole fleet that had belonged to
King Inge.  He held a Thing there in the merchant-town, and was
chosen king of the whole country.  Then he made Sigurd of Reyr an
earl, and gave him an earldom, and afterwards proceeded
southwards with his followers all the way to Viken.  The king
went to Tunsberg; but sent Earl Sigurd east to Konungahella, to
defend the country with a part of the forces in case Erling
should come from the south.  Erling and his fleet came to Agder,
and went straight north to Bergen, where they killed Arne
Brigdarskalle, King Hakon's officer, and came back immediately
against King Hakon.  Earl Sigurd, who had not observed the
journey of Erling and his followers from the south, was at that
time east in the Gaut river, and King Hakon was in Tunsberg.
Erling brought up at Hrossanes, and lay there some nights.  In
the meantime King Hakon made preparations in the town.  When
Erling and his fleet were coming up to the town, they took a
merchant vessel, filled it with wood and straw, and set fire to
it; and the wind blowing right towards the town, drove the vessel
against the piers.  Erling had two cables brought on board the
vessel, and made fast to two boats, and made them row along as
the vessel drove.  Now when the fire was come almost abreast of
the town, those who were in the boats held back the vessel by the 
ropes, so that the town could not be set on fire; but so thick a
smoke spread from it over the town, that one could not see from
the piers where the king's array was.  Then Erling drew the whole
fleet in where the wind carried the fire, and shot at the enemy.
When the townspeople saw that the fire was approaching their
houses, and many were wounded by the bowmen, they resolved to
send the priest Hroald, the long-winded speaker, to Erling, to
beg him to spare them and the town; and they dissolved the array
in favour of Hakon, as soon as Hroald told them their prayer was
granted.  Now when the array of towns-people had dispersed, the
men on the piers were much thinned: however, some urged Hakon's
men to make resistance: but Onund Simonson, who had most
influence over the army, said, "I will not fight for Earl
Sigurd's earldom, since he is not here himself."  Then Onund
fled, and was followed by all the people, and by the king
himself; and they hastened up the country.  King Hakon lost many
men here; and these verses were made about it: --

     "Onund declares he will not go
     In battle 'gainst Earl Sigurd's foe,
     If Earl Sigurd does not come,
     But with his house-men sits at home.
     King Magnus' men rush up the street,
     Eager with Hakon's troop to meet;
     But Hakon's war-hawks, somewhat shy,
     Turn quick about, and off they fly."

Thorbjorn Skakkaskald also said: --

     "The Tunsberg men would not be slow
     In thy good cause to risk a blow;
     And well they knew the chief could stain
     The wolves' mouths on a battle-plain.
     But the town champion rather fears
     The sharp bright glance of levelled spears;
     Their steel-clad warrior loves no fight
     Where bowstring twangs, or fire flies bright."

King Hakon then took the land-road northwards to Throndhjem. 
When Earl Sigurd heard of this, he proceeded with all the ships
he could get the seaway north-wards, to meet King Hakon there.

4. OF ERLING AND HAKON.

Erling Skakke took all the ships in Tunsberg belonging to King
Hakon, and there he also took the Baekisudin which had belonged
to King Inge.  Then Erling proceeded, and reduced the whole of
Viken in obedience to King Magnus, and also the whole country
north wheresoever he appeared up to Bergen, where he remained all
winter.  There Erling killed Ingebjorn Sipil, King Hakon's
lenderman of the north part of the Fjord district.  In winter
(A.D. 1162) King Hakon was in Throndhjem; but in the following
spring he ordered a levy, and prepared to go against Erling.  He
had with him Earl Sigurd, Jon Sveinson, Eindride Unge, Onund
Simonson, Philip Peterson, Philip Gyrdson, Ragnvald Kunta, Sigurd
Kapa, Sigurd Hiupa, Frirek Keina, Asbjorn of Forland, Thorbjorn,
a son of Gunnar the treasurer, and Stradbjarne.

5. OF ERLING'S PEOPLE.

Erling was in Bergen with a great armament, and resolved to lay a
sailing prohibition on all the merchant vessels which were going
north to Nidaros; for he knew that King Hakon would soon get
tidings of him, if ships were sailing between the towns. 
Besides, he gave out that it was better for Bergen to get the
goods, even if the owners were obliged to sell them cheaper than
they wished than that they should fall into the hands of enemies
and thereby strengthen them.  And now a great many vessels were
assembled at Bergen, for many arrived every day, and none were
allowed to go away.  Then Erling let some of the lightest of his
vessels be laid ashore, and spread the report that he would wait
for Hakon, and, with the help of his friends and relations,
oppose the enemy there.  He then one day called a meeting of the
ship-masters, and gave them and all the merchant ships and their
steersmen leave to go where they pleased.  When the men who had
charge of the cargoes, and were all ready to sail away with their
goods, some for trade, others on various business, had got leave
from Erling Skakke to depart, there was a soft and favourable
wind for sailing north along the coast.  Before the evening all
who were ready had set sail, and hastened on as fast as they
could, according to the speed of their vessels, the one vying
with the other.  When this fleet came north to More, Hakon's
fleet had arrived there before them: and he himself was there
fully engaged in collecting people, and summoning to him the
lendermen, and all liable to serve in the levy, without having
for a long time heard any news from Bergen.  Now, however, they
heard, as the latest news, that Erling Skakke had laid his ships
up in Bergen, and there they would find him; and also that he had
a large force with him.  King Hakon sailed from thence to Veey,
and sent away Earl Sigurd and Onund Simonson to gather people,
and sent men also to both the More districts.  After King Hakon
had remained a few days at the town he sailed farther, and
proceeded to the South, thinking that it would both promote his
journey and enable new levies to join him sooner.

Erling Skakke had given leave on Sunday to all the merchant
vessels to leave Bergen; and on Tuesday, as soon as the early
mass was over, he ordered the warhorns to sound, summoned to him
the men-at-arms and the townsmen, and let the ships which were
laid up on shore be drawn down into the water.  Then Erling held
a House-Thing with his men and the people of the levy; told them
his intentions; named ship commanders; and had the names called
over of the men who were to be on board of the king's ship.  This
Thing ended with Erling's order to every man to make himself
ready in his berth wherever a place was appointed him; and
declared that he who remained in the town after the Baekisudin
was hauled out, should be punished by loss of life or limb.  Orm,
the king's brother, laid his ships out in the harbour immediately
that evening, and many others, and the greater number were afloat
before.

6. OF ERLING SKAKKE.

On Wednesday, before mass was sung in the town, Erling sailed
from Bergen with all his fleet, consisting of twenty-one ships;
and there was a fresh breeze for sailing northwards along the
coast.  Erling had his son King Magnus with him, and there were
many lendermen accompanied by the finest men.  When Erling came
north, abreast of the Fjord district, he sent a boat on shore to
Jon Halkelson's farm, and took Nikolas, a son of Simon Skalp and
of Maria, Harald Gille's daughter, and brought him out to the
fleet, and put him on board the king's ship.  On Friday,
immediately after matins, they sailed to Steinavag, and King
Hakon, with thirteen ships, was lying in the harbour in the
neighbourhood.  He himself and his men were up at play upon the
island, and the lendermen were sitting on the hill, when they saw
a boat rowing from the south with two men in it, who were bending
back deep towards the keel, and taking hasty strokes with their
oars.  When they came to the shore they did not belay the boat,
but both ran from it.  The great men seeing this, said to each
other, "These men must have some news to tell;" and got up to
meet them.  When they met, Onund Simonson asked, "Have ye any
news of Erling Skakke, that ye are running so fast?"

They answered, as soon as they could get out the words, for they
had lost their breath, "Here comes Erling against you, sailing
from the south, with twenty-one ships, or thereabouts, of which
many are great enough; and now ye will soon see their sails." 

Then said Eindride Unge, "Too near to the nose, said the peasant,
when his eye was knocked out."

They went in haste now to where the games were playing, and
immediately the war-horns resounded, and with the battle-call all
the people were gathered down to the ships in the greatest haste.
It was just the time of day when their meat was nearly cooked.
All the men rushed to the ships, and each ran on board the vessel
that was nearest to him, so that the ships were unequally manned. 
Some took to the oars; some raised the masts, turned the heads of
the vessels to the north, and steered for Veey, where they
expected much assistance from the towns.

7. FALL OF KING HAKON.

Soon after they saw the sails of Erling's fleet, and both fleets
came in sight of each other.  Eindride Unge had a ship called
Draglaun, which was a large buss-like long-ship, but which had
but a small crew; for those who belonged to her had run on board
of other ships, and she was therefore the hindmost of Hakon's
fleet.  When Eindride came abreast of the island Sek, the
Baekisudin, which Erling Skakke himself commanded, came up with
her; and these two ships were bound fast together.  King Hakon
and his followers had arrived close to Veey; but when they heard
the war-horn they turned again to assist Eindride.  Now they
began the battle on both sides, as the vessels came up.  Many of
the sails lay midships across the vessels; and the ships were not
made fast to each other, but they lay side by side.  The conflict
was not long before there came disorder in Hakon's ship; and some
fell, and others sprang overboard.  Hakon threw over him a grey
cloak, and jumped on board another ship; but when he had been
there a short time he thought he had got among his enemies; and
when he looked about him he saw none of his men nor of his ships
near him.  Then he went into the Baekisudin to the forecastle-
men, and begged his life.  They took him in their keeping, and
gave him quarter.  In this conflict there was a great loss of
people, but principally of Hakon's men.  In the Baekisudin fell
Nikolas, Simon Skalp's son; and Erling's men are accused of
having killed him themselves.  Then there was a pause in the
battle, and the vessels separated.  It was now told to Erling
that Hakon was on board of his ship; that the forecastle-men had
taken him, and threatened that they would defend him with arms.
Erling sent men forwards in the ship to bring the forecastle-men
his orders to guard Hakon well, so that he should not get away.
He at the same time let it be understood that he had no objection
to giving the king life and safety, if the other chiefs were
willing, and a peace could be established.  All the forecastle-
men gave their chief great credit and honour for these words.
Then Erling ordered anew a blast of the war-horns, and that the
ships should be attacked which had not lost their men; saying
that they would never have such another opportunity of avenging
King Inge.  Thereupon they all raised a war-shout, encouraged
each other, and rushed to the assault.  In this tumult King Hakon
received his death-wound.  When his men knew he had fallen they
rowed with all their might against the enemy, threw away their
shields, slashed with both hands, and cared not for life.  This
heat and recklessness, however, proved soon a great loss to them;
for Erling's men saw the unprotected parts of their bodies, and
where their blows would have effect.  The greater part of Hakon's
men who remained fell here; and it was principally owing to the
want of numbers, as they were not enough to defend themselves.
They could not get quarter, also excepting those whom the chiefs
took under their protection and bound themselves to pay ransom
for.  The following of Hakon's people fell: Sigurd Kapa, Sigurd
Hiupa, and Ragnvald Kunta; but some ships crews got away, rowed
into the fjords, and thus saved their lives.  Hakon's body was
carried to Raumsdal, and buried there; but afterwards his
brother, King Sverre, had the body transported north to the
merchant town Nidaros, and laid in the stone wall of Christ
church south of the choir.

8. FLIGHT OF THE CHIEFS OF HAKON'S MEN.

Earl Sigurd, Eindride Unge, Onund Simonson, Frirek Keina, and
other chiefs kept the troop together, left the ships in Raumsdal,
and went up to the Uplands.  King Magnus and his father Erling
sailed with their troops north to Nidaros in Throndhjem, and
subdued the country as they went along.  Erling called together
an Eyra-thing, at which King Magnus was proclaimed king of all
Norway.  Erling, however, remained there but a short time; for he
thought the Throndhjem people were not well affected towards him
and his son.  King Magnus was then called king of the whole
country.

King Hakon had been a handsome man in appearance, well grown,
tall and thin; but rather broad-shouldered, on which account his
men called him Herdebreid.  As he was young in years, his
lendermen ruled for him.  He was cheerful and friendly in
conversation, playful and youthful in his ways, and was much
liked by the people.

9. OF KING SIGURD'S BEGINNING.

There was an Upland man called Markus of Skog, who was a relation
of Earl Sigurd.  Markus brought up a son of King Sigurd Mun, who
was also called Sigurd.  This Sigurd was chosen king (A.D. 1162)
by the Upland people, by the advice of Earl Sigurd and the other
chiefs who had followed King Hakon.  They had now a great army,
and the troops were divided in two bodies; so that Markus and the
king were less exposed where there was anything to do, and Earl
Sigurd and his troop, along with the lendermen, were most in the
way of danger.  They went with their troops mostly through the
Uplands, and sometimes eastwards to Viken.  Erling Skakke had his
son King Magnus always with him, and he had also the whole fleet
and the land defence under him.  He was a while in Bergen in
autumn; but went from thence eastward to Viken, where he settled
in Tunsberg for his winter quarters (A.D. 1163), and collected in
Viken all the taxes and revenues that belonged to Magnus as king;
and he had many and very fine troops.  As Earl Sigurd had but a
small part of the country, and kept many men on foot, he soon was
in want of money; and where there was no chief in the
neighbourhood he had to seek money by unlawful ways, -- sometimes
by unfounded accusations and fines, sometimes by open robbery.

10. EARL SIGURD'S CONDEMNATION.

At that time the realm of Norway was in great prosperity.  The
bondes were rich and powerful, unaccustomed to hostilities or
violence, and the oppression of roving troops; so that there was
soon a great noise and scandal when they were despoiled and
robbed.  The people of Viken were very friendly to Erling and
King Magnus, principally from the popularity of the late King
Inge Haraldson; for the Viken people had always served under his
banner.  Erling kept a guard in the town, and twelve men were on
watch every night.  Erling had Things regularly with the bondes,
at which the misdeeds of Sigurd's people were often talked over;
and by the representations of Erling and his adherents, the
bondes were brought unanimously to consider that it would be a
great good fortune if these bands should be rooted out.  Arne,
the king's relation, spoke well and long on this subject, and at
last severely; and required that all who were at the Thing, --
men-at-arms, bondes, towns-men, and merchants, -- should come to
the resolution to sentence according to law Earl Sigurd and all
his troop, and deliver them to Satan, both living and dead.  From
the animosity and hatred of the people, this was agreed to by
all; and thus the unheard-of deed was adopted and confirmed by
oath, as if a judgment in the case was delivered there by the
Thing according to law.  The priest Hroald the Long-winded, who
was a very eloquent man, spoke in the case; but his speech was to
the same purpose as that of others who had spoken before.  Erling
gave a feast at Yule in Tunsberg, and paid the wages of the
men-at-arms at Candlemas.

11. OF ERLING.

Earl Sigurd went with his best troops down to Viken, where many
people were obliged to submit to his superior force, and many had
to pay money.  He drove about thus widely higher up the country,
penetrating into different districts.  But there were some in his
troop who desired privately to make peace with Erling; but they
got back the answer, that all who asked for their lives should
obtain quarter, but they only should get leave to remain in the
country who had not been guilty of any great offenses against
Erling.  And when Sigurd's adherents heard that they would not
get leave to remain in the country, they held together in one
body; for there were many among them who knew for certain that
Erling would look upon them as guilty of offences against him.
Philip Gyrdson made terms with Erling, got his property back, and
went home to his farm; but soon after Sigurd's men came there,
and killed him.  They committed many crimes against each other,
and many men were slain in their mutual persecution; but here
what was committed by the chiefs only is written down.

12. ERLING GETS NEWS OF EARL SIGURD.

It was in the beginning of Lent that news came to Erling that
Earl Sigurd intended to come upon him; and news of him came here
and there, sometimes nearer, sometimes farther off.  Erling sent
out spies in all quarters around to discover where they were.
Every evening he assembled all the men-at-arms by the war-horn
out of the town; and for a long time in the winter they lay under
arms all night, ready to be drawn up in array.  At last Erling
got intelligence that Sigurd and his followers were not far
distant, up at the farm Re.  Erling then began his expedition out
of the town, and took with him all the towns-people who were able
to carry arms and had arms, and likewise all the merchants; and
left only twelve men behind to keep watch in the town.  Erling
went out of the town on Thursday afternoon, in the second week of
Lent (February 19); and every man had two days' provisions with
him.  They marched by night, and it was late before they got out
of the town with the men.  Two men were with each shield and each
horse; and the people, when mustered, were about 1200 men.  When
they met their spies, they were informed that Sigurd was at Re,
in a house called Rafnnes, and had 500 men.  Then Erling called
together his people; told them the news he had received, and all
were eager to hasten their march, fall on them in the houses, or
engage them by night.

Erling replied to them thus: -- "It is probable that we and Earl
Sigurd shall soon meet.  There are also many men in this band
whose handy-work remains in our memories; such as cutting down
King Inge, and so many more of our friends, that it would take
long to reckon them up.  These deeds they did by the power of
Satan, by witchcraft, and by villainy; for it stands in our laws
and country rights, that however highly a man may have been
guilty, it shall be called villainy and cowardly murder to kill
him in the night.  This band has had its luck hitherto by
following the counsel of men acquainted with witchcraft and
fighting by night, and not in the light of day; and by this
proceeding have they been victorious hitherto over the chiefs
whose heads they have laid low on the earth.  Now we have often
seen, and proved, how unsuitable and improper it is to go into
battle in the nighttime; therefore let us rather have before our
eyes the example of chiefs better known to us, and who deserve
better to be imitated, and fight by open day in regular battle
array, and not steal upon sleeping men in the night.  We have
people enough against them, so few as they are.  Let us,
therefore, wait for day and daylight, and keep together in our
array in case they attack us."

Thereafter the whole army sat down.  Some opened up bundles of
hay, and made a bed of it for themselves; some sat upon their
shields, and thus waited the daydawn.  The weather was raw, and
there was a wet snowdrift.

13. OF EARL SIGURD'S BATTLE ARRAY.

Earl Sigurd got the first intelligence of Erling's army, when it
was already near to the house.  His men got up, and armed
themselves; but not knowing how many men Erling had with him,
some were inclined to fly, but the most determined to stand. 
Earl Sigurd was a man of understanding, and could talk well, but
certainly was not considered brave enough to take a strong
resolution; and indeed the earl showed a great inclination to
fly, for which he got many stinging words from his men-at-arms.
As day dawned, they began on both sides to draw up their battle
array.  Earl Sigurd placed his men on the edge of a ridge between
the river and the house, at a place at which a little stream runs
into the river.  Erling and his people placed their array on the
other side of the river; but at the back of his array were men on
horseback well armed, who had the king with them.  When Earl
Sigurd's men saw that there was so great a want of men on their
side, they held a council, and were for taking to the forest. 
But Earl Sigurd said, "Ye alleged that I had no courage, but it
will now be proved; and let each of you take care not to fail, or
fly, before I do so.  We have a good battle-field.  Let them
cross the bridge; but as soon as the banner comes over it let us
then rush down the hill upon them, and none desert his
neighbour."

Earl Sigurd had on a red-brown kirtle, and a red cloak, of which
the corners were tied and turned back; shoes on his feet; and a
shield and sword called Bastard.  The earl said, "God knows that
I would rather get at Erling Skakke with a stroke of Bastard,
than receive much gold."

14. EARL SIGURD'S FALL.

Erling Skakke's army wished to go on to the bridge; but Erling
told them to go up along the river, which was small, and not
difficult to cross, as its banks were flat; and they did so. 
Earl Sigurd's array proceeded up along the ridge right opposite
to them; but as the ridge ended, and the ground was good and
level over the river, Erling told his men to sing a Paternoster,
and beg God to give them the victory who best deserved it.  Then
they all sang aloud "Kyrie Eleison", and struck with their
weapons on their shields.  But with this singing 300 men of
Erling's people slipped away and fled.  Then Erling and his
people went across the river, and the earl's men raised the
war-shout; but there was no assault from the ridge down upon
Erling's array, but the battle began upon the hill itself.  They
first used spears then edge weapons; and the earl's banner soon
retired so far back, that Erling and his men scaled the ridge.
The battle lasted but a short time before the earl's men fled to
the forest, which they had close behind them.  This was told Earl
Sigurd, and his men bade him fly; but he replied, "Let us on
while we can."  And his men went bravely on, and cut down on all
sides.  In this tumult fell Earl Sigurd and Jon Sveinson, and
nearly sixty men.  Erling lost few men, and pursued the fugitives
to the forest.  There Erling halted his troops, and turned back.
He came just as the king's slaves were about stripping the
clothes off Earl Sigurd, who was not quite lifeless.  He had put
his sword in the sheath, and it lay by his side.  Erling took it,
struck the slaves with it, and drove them away.  Then Erling,
with his troops, returned, and sat down in Tunsberg.  Seven days
after Earl Sigurd's fall Erling's men took Eindride Unge
prisoner, and killed him, with all his ship's crew.

15. MARKUS OF SKOG, AND SIGURD SIGURDSON.

Markus of Skog, and King Sigurd, his foster-son, rode down to
Viken towards spring, and there got a ship; but when Erling heard
it he went eastwards against them, and they met at Konungahella.
Markus fled with his followers to the island Hising; and there
the country people of Hising came down in swarms, and placed
themselves in Markus's and Sigurd's array.  Erling and his men
rowed to the shore; but Markus's men shot at them.  Then Erling
said to his people, "Let us take their ships, but not go up to
fight with a land force.  The Hisingers are a bad set to quarrel
with, -- hard, and without understanding.  They will keep this
troop but a little while among them, for Hising is but a small
spot."  This was done: they took the ships, and brought them over
to Konungahella.  Markus and his men went up to the forest
district, from which they intended to make assaults, and they had
spies out on both sides.  Erling had many men-at-arms with him,
whom he brought from other districts, and they made attacks on
each other in turn.

16. BEGINNING OF ARCHBISHOP EYSTEIN.

Eystein, a son of Erlend Himaide, was selected to be archbishop,
after Archbishop Jon's death; and he was consecrated the same
year King Inge was killed.  Now when Archbishop Eystein came to
his see, he made himself beloved by all the country, as an
excellent active man of high birth.  The Throndhjem people, in
particular, received him with pleasure; for most of the great
people in the Throndhjem district were connected with the
archbishop by relationship or other connection, and all were his
friends.  The archbishop brought forward a request to the bondes
in a speech, in which he set forth the great want of money for
the see, and also how much greater improvement of the revenues
would be necessary to maintain it suitably, as it was now of much
more importance than formerly when the bishop's see was first
established.  He requested of the bondes that they should give
him, for determining law-suits, an ore of silver value, instead
of what they had before paid, which was an ore of judgment money,
of that kind which was paid to the king in judging cases; and the
difference between the two kinds of ore was, that the ore he
desired was a half greater than the other.  By help of the
archbishop's relations and friends, and his own activity, this
was carried; and it was fixed by law in all the Throndhjem
district, and in all the districts belonging to his
archbishopric.

17. OF MARKUS AND KING SIGURD.

When Sigurd and Markus lost their ships in the Gaut river, and
saw they could get no hold on Erling, they went to the Uplands,
and proceeded by land north to Throndhjem.  Sigurd was received
there joyfully, and chosen king at an Eyra-thing; and many
gallant men, with their sons, attached themselves to his party.
They fitted out ships, rigged them for a voyage, and proceeded
when summer came southwards to More, and took up all the royal
revenues wheresoever they came.  At this time the following
lendermen were appointed in Bergen for the defence of the
country: -- Nikolas Sigurdson, Nokve Palson, and several military
leaders; as Thorolf Dryl, Thorbjorn Gjaldkere, and many others.
As Markus and Sigurd sailed south, they heard that Erling's men
were numerous in Bergen; and therefore they sailed outside the
coast-rocks, and southwards past Bergen.  It was generally
remarked, that Markus's men always got a fair wind, wherever they
wished to sail to.

18. MARKUS AND KING SIGURD KILLED.

As soon as Erling Skakke heard that Sigurd and Markus had sailed
southwards, he hastened to Viken, and drew together an armed
force; and he soon had a great many men, and many stout ships.
But when he came farther in Viken, he met with a strong contrary
wind, which kept him there in port the whole summer.  Now when
Sigurd and Markus came east to Lister, they heard that Erling had
a great force in Viken; so they turned to the north again.  But
when they reached Hordaland, with the intention of sailing to
Bergen, and came opposite the town, Nikolas and his men rowed out
against them, with more men and larger ships than they had.
Sigurd and Markus saw no other way of escaping but to row away
southwards.  Some of them went out to sea, others got south to
the sound, and some got into the Fjords.  Markus, and some people
with him, sprang upon an isle called Skarpa.  Nikolas and his men
took their ships, gave Jon Halkelson and a few others quarter,
but killed the most of them they could get hold of.  Some days
after Eindride Heidafylja found Sigurd and Markus, and they were
brought to Bergen.  Sigurd was beheaded outside of Grafdal, and
Markus and another man were hanged at Hvarfsnes.  This took place
on Michaelmas day (September 29, 1163), and the band which had
followed them was dispersed.

19. ERLING AND THE PEOPLE OF HISING ISLE.

Frirek Keina and Bjarne the Bad, Onund Simonson and Ornolf Skorpa
had rowed out to sea with some ships, and sailed outside along
the land to the east.  Wheresoever they came to the land they
plundered, and killed Erling's friends.  Now when Erling heard
that Sigurd and Markus were killed, he gave leave to the
lendermen and people of the levy to return home; but he himself,
with his men, set his course eastward across the Folden fjord,
for he heard of Markus's men there.  Erling sailed to
Konungahella, where he remained the autumn; and in the first week
of winter Erling went out to the island Hising with his men, and
called the bondes to a Thing.  When the Hising people came to the
Thing, Erling laid his law-suit against them for having joined
the bands of Sigurd and Markus, and having raised men against
him.  Assur was the name of one of the greatest of the bondes on
the island, and he answered Erling on account of the others.  The
Thing was long assembled; but at the close the bondes gave the
case into Erling's own power, and he appointed a meeting in the
town within one week, and named fifteen bondes who should appear
there.  When they came, he condemned them to pay a penalty of 300
head of cattle; and the bondes returned home ill pleased at this
sentence.  Soon after the Gaut river was frozen, and Erling's
ships were fast in the ice; and the bondes kept back the mulct,
and lay assembled for some time.  Erling made a Yule feast in the
town; but the Hising people had joint-feasts with each other, and
kept under arms during Yule.  The night after the fifth day of
Yule Erling went up to Hising, surrounded Assur's house, and
burnt him in it.  He killed one hundred men in all, burnt three
houses, and then returned to Konungahella.  The bondes came then,
according to agreement, to pay the mulct.

20. DEATH OF FRIREK KEINA AND BJARNE.

Erling Skakke made ready to sail in spring as soon as he could
get his ships afloat for ice, and sailed from Konungahella; for
he heard that those who had formerly been Markus's friends were
marauding in the north of Viken.  Erling sent out spies to learn
their doings, searched for them, and found them lying in a
harbour.  Onund Simonson and Ornolf Skorpa escaped, but Frirek
Keina and Bjarne the Bad were taken, and many of their followers
were killed.  Erling had Frirek bound to an anchor and thrown
overboard; and for that deed Erling was much detested in the
Throndhjem country, for the most powerful men there were
relatives of Frirek.  Erling ordered Bjarne the Bad to be hanged;
and he uttered, according to his custom, many dreadful
imprecations during his execution.  Thorbjorn Skakkaskald tells
of this business: --

     "East of the Fjord beyond the land,
     Unnoticed by the pirate band,
     Erling stole on them ere they knew,
     And seized and killed all Keina's crew.
     Keina, fast to an anchor bound,
     Was thrown into the deep-blue Sound;
     And Bjarne swung high on gallows-tree,
     A sight all good men loved to see."

Onund and Ornolf, with the band that had escaped, fled to
Denmark; but were sometimes in Gautland, or in Viken.

21. CONFERENCE BETWEEN ERLING AND EYSTEIN.

Erling Skakke sailed after this to Tunsberg, and remained there
very long in spring (A.D. 1164); but when summer came he
proceeded north to Bergen, where at that time a great many people
were assembled.  There was the legate from Rome, Stephanus; the
Archbishop Eystein, and other bishops of the country.  There was
also Bishop Brand, who was consecrated bishop of Iceland, and Jon
Loptson, a daughter's son of King Magnus Barefoot; and on this
occasion King Magnus and Jon's other relations acknowledged the
relationship with him.

Archbishop Eystein and Erling Skakke often conversed together in
private; and, among other things, Erling asked one day, "Is it
true, sir, what people tell me, that you have raised the value of
the ore upon the people north in Throndhjem, in the law cases in
which money-fees are paid you ?"

"It is so," said the archbishop, "that the bondes have allowed me
an advance on the ore of law casualties; but they did it
willingly, and without any kind of compulsion, and have thereby
added to their honour for God and the income of the bishopric."

Erling replies, "Is this according to the law of the holy Olaf?
or have you gone to work more arbitrarily in this than is written
down in the lawbook?"

The archbishop replies, "King Olaf the Holy fixed the laws, to
which he received the consent and affirmative of the people; but
it will not be found in his laws that it is forbidden to increase
God's right."

Erling: "If you augment your right, you must assist us to augment
as much the king's right."

The archbishop: "Thou hast already augmented enough thy son's
power and dominion; and if I have exceeded the law in taking an
increase of the ore from the Throndhjem people, it is, I think, a
much greater breach of the law that one is king over the country
who is not a king's son, and which has neither any support in the
law, nor in any precedent here in the country."

Erling: "When Magnus was chosen king, it was done with your
knowledge and consent, and also of all the other bishops here in
the country."

Archbishop: "You promised then, Erling, that provided we gave our
consent to electing Magnus king, you would, on all occasions, and
with all your power, strengthen God's rights."

Erling: "I may well admit that I have promised to preserve and
strengthen God's commands and the laws of the land with all my
power, and with the king's strength; and now I consider it to be
much more advisable, instead of accusing each other of a breach
of our promises, to hold firmly by the agreement entered into
between us.  Do you strengthen Magnus in his dominion, according
to what you have promised; and I will, on my part, strengthen
your power in all that can be of advantage or honour."

The conversation now took a more friendly turn; and Erling said,
"Although Magnus was not chosen king according to what has been
the old custom of this country, yet can you with your power give
him consecration as king, as God's law prescribes, by anointing
the king to sovereignty; and although I be neither a king, nor of
kingly race, yet most of the kings, within my recollection, have
not known the laws or the constitution of the country so well as
I do.  Besides, the mother of King Magnus is the daughter of a
king and queen born in lawful wedlock, and Magnus is son of a
queen and a lawfully married wife.  Now if you will give him
royal consecration, no man can take royalty from him.  William
Bastard was not a king's son; but he was consecrated and crowned
king of England, and the royalty in England has ever since
remained with his race, and all have been crowned.  Svein Ulfson
was not a king's son in Denmark, and still he was a crowned king,
and his sons likewise, and all his descendants have been crowned
kings.  Now we have here in Norway an archiepiscopal seat, to the
glory and honour of the country; let us also have a crowned king,
as well as the Danes and Englishmen."

Erling and the archbishop afterwards talked often of this matter,
and they were quite agreed.  Then the archbishop brought the
business before the legate, and got him easily persuaded to give
his consent.  Thereafter the archbishop called together the
bishops, and other learned men, and explained the subject to
them.  They all replied in the same terms, that they would follow
the counsels of the archbishop, and all were eager to promote the
consecration as soon as the archbishop pleased.

22. KING MAGNUS'S CONSECRATION.

Erling Skakke then had a great feast prepared in the king's
house.  The large hall was covered with costly cloth and
tapestry, and adorned with great expense.  The court-men and all
the attendants were there entertained, and there were numerous
guests, and many chiefs.  Then King Magnus received the royal
consecration from the Archbishop Eystein; and at the consecration
there were five other bishops and the legate, besides a number of
other clergy.  Erling Skakke, and with him twelve other
lendermen, administered to the king the oath of the law; and the
day of the consecration the king and Erling had the legate, the
archbishop, and all the other bishops as guests; and the feast
was exceedingly magnificent, and the father and son distributed
many great presents.  King Magnus was then eight years of age,
and had been king for three years.

23. KING VALDEMAR'S EMBASSY.

When the Danish king Valdemar heard the news from Norway that
Magnus was become king of the whole country, and all the other
parties in the country were rooted out, he sent his men with a
letter to King Magnus and Erling, and reminded them of the
agreement which Erling had entered into, under oath, with King
Valdemar, of which we have spoken before; namely, that Viken from
the east to Rygiarbit should be ceded to King Valdemar, if Magnus
became the sole king of Norway.  When the ambassadors came
forward and showed Erling the letter of the Danish king, and he
heard the Danish king's demand upon Norway, he laid it before the
other chiefs by whose counsels he usually covered his acts.  All,
as one man, replied that the Danes should never hold the
slightest portion of Norway; for never had things been worse in
the land than when the Danes had power in it.  The ambassadors of
the Danish king were urgent with Erling for an answer, and
desired to have it decided; but Erling begged them to proceed
with him east to Viken, and said he would give his final answer
when he had met with the men of most understanding and influence
in Viken.

24. ERLING AND THE PEOPLE OF VIKEN.

Erling Skakke proceeded in autumn to Viken, and stayed in
Tunsberg, from whence he sent people to Sarpsborg to summon a
Thing (1) of four districts; and then Erling went there with his
people.

When the Thing was seated Erling made a speech in which he
explained the resolutions which had been settled upon between him
and the Danish king, the first time he collected troops against
his enemies.  "I will," said Erling, "keep faithfully the
agreement which we then entered into with the king, if it be your
will and consent, bondes, rather to serve the Danish king than
the king who is now consecrated and crowned king of this
country."

The bondes replied thus to Erling's speech: "Never will we become
the Danish king's men, as long as one of us Viken men is in
life."  And the whole assembly, with shouts and cries, called on
Erling to keep the oath he had taken to defend his son's
dominions, "should we even all follow thee to battle."  And so
the Thing was dissolved.

The ambassadors of the Danish king then returned home, and told
the issue of their errand.  The Danes abused Erling, and all
Northmen, and declared that evil only proceeded from them; and
the report was spread, that in Spring the Danish king would send
out an army and lay waste Norway.  Erling returned in autumn
north to Bergen, stayed there all winter, and gave their pay to
his people.

ENDNOTES:
(1)  This reference to a Thing of the people in the affairs of
     the country is a striking example of the right of the Things
     being recognised, in theory at least, as fully as the right
     of our parliaments in later times. -- L.

25. LETTERS OF THE THRONDHJEM PEOPLE.

The same winter (A.D. 1165) some Danish people came by land
through the Uplands, saying they were to go, as was then the
general practice, to the holy King Olaf's festival.  But when
they came to the Throndhjem country, they went to many men of
influence, and told their business; which was, that the Danish
king had sent them to desire their friendship, and consent, if he
came to the country, promising them both power and money.  With
this verbal message came also the Danish king's letter and seal,
and a message to the Throndhjem people that they should send back
their letters and seals to him.  They did so, and the most of
them received well the Danish king's message; whereupon the
messengers returned back towards Lent.  Erling was in Bergen; and
towards spring Erling's friends told him the loose reports they
had heard by some merchant vessels that had arrived from
Throndhjem, that the Throndhjem people were in hostility openly
against him; and had declared that if Erling came to Throndhjem,
he should never pass Agdanes in life.  Erling said this was mere
folly and idle talk.  Erling now made it known that he would go
to Unarheim to the Gangdag-thing; and ordered a cutter of twenty
rowing benches to be fitted out, a boat of fifteen benches, and a
provision-ship.  When the vessels were ready, there came a strong
southerly gale.  On the Thursday of the Ascension week, Erling
called his people by sound of trumpet to their departure; but the
men were loath to leave the town, and were ill inclined to row
against the wind.  Erling brought his vessels to Biskupshafn.
"Well," said Erling, "since ye are so unwilling to row against
the wind, raise the mast, hoist the sails, and let the ship go
north."  They did so, and sailed northwards both day and night.
On Wednesday, in the evening, they sailed in past Agdanes, where
they found a fleet assembled of many merchant vessels, rowing
craft, and boats, all going towards the town to the celebration
of the festival, -- some before them, some behind them -- so that
the townspeople paid no attention to the long-ships coming.

26. ERLING AND THE PEOPLE OF THRONDHJEM.

Erling came to the town just as vespers was being sung in Christ
church.  He and his men ran into the town, to where it was told
them that the lenderman, Alf Rode, a son of Ottar Birting, was
still sitting at table, and drinking with his men.  Erling fell
upon them; and Alf was killed, with almost all his men.  Few
other men were killed; for they had almost all gone to church, as
this was the night before Christ's Ascension-day.  In the morning
early, Erling called all the people by sound of trumpet to a
Thing out upon Evrar.  At the Thing Erling laid a charge against
the Throndhjem people, accusing them of intending to betray the
country, and take it from the king; and named Bard Standale, Pal
Andreason, and Razabard, who then presided over the town's
affairs, and many others.  They, in their defence, denied the
accusation; but Erling's writer stood up, produced many letters
with seals, and asked if they acknowledged their seals which they
had sent to the Danish king; and thereupon the letters were read.
There was also a Danish man with Erling who had gone with the
letters in winter, and whom Erling for that purpose had taken
into his service.  He told to these men the very words which each
of them had used.  "And you, Razabard, spoke, striking your
breast; and the very words you used were, `Out of this breast are
all these counsels produced.'"  Bard replied, "I was wrong in the
head, sirs, when I spoke so."  There was now nothing to be done
but to submit the case entirely to the sentence Erling might give
upon it.  He took great sums of money from many as fines, and
condemned all those who had been killed as lawless, and their
deeds as lawless; making their deaths thereby not subject to
mulct.  Then Erling returned south to Bergen.

27. KING VALDEMAR'S EXPEDITION TO NORWAY.

The Danish king Valdemar assembled in spring (A.D. 1165) a great
army, and proceeded with it north to Viken.  As soon as he
reached the dominions of the king of Norway, the bondes assembled
in a great multitude.  The king advanced peacefully; but when
they came to the mainland, the people shot at them even when
there were only two or three together, from which the ill-will of
the country people towards them was evident.  When they came to
Tunsberg, King Valdemar summoned a Hauga-thing; but nobody
attended it from the country parts.  Then Valdemar spoke thus to
his troops: "It is evident that all the country-people are
against us; and now we have two things to choose: the one to go
through the country, sword in hand, sparing neither man nor
beast; the other is to go back without effecting our object.  And
it is more my inclination to go with the army to the East against
the heathens, of whom we have enough before us in the East
country, than to kill Christian people here, although they have
well deserved it."  All the others had a greater desire for a
foray; but the king ruled, and they all returned back to Denmark
without effecting their purpose.  They pillaged, however, all
around in the distant islands, or where the king was not in the
neighbourhood.  They then returned south to Denmark without doing
anything.

28. ERLING'S EXPEDITION TO JUTLAND.

As soon as Erling heard that a Danish force had come to Viken, he
ordered a levy through all the land, both of men and ships, so
that there was a great assemblage of men in arms; and with this
force he proceeded eastward along the coast.  But when he came to
Lidandisnes, he heard that the Danish army had returned south to
Denmark, after plundering all around them in Viken.  Then Erling
gave all the people of the levy permission to return home; but he
himself and some lendermen, with many vessels, sailed to Jutland
after the Danes.  When they came to a place called Dyrsa, the
Danes who had returned from the expedition lay there with many
ships.  Erling gave them battle, and there was a fight, in which
the Danes soon fled with the loss of many people; and Erling and
his men plundered the ships and the town, and made a great booty,
with which they returned to Norway.  Thereafter, for a time,
there was hostility between Norway and Denmark.

29. ERLING'S EXPEDITION TO DENMARK.

The princess Krisfin went south in autumn (A.D. 1165) to Denmark,
to visit her relation King Valdemar, who was her cousin.  The
king received her kindly, and gave her fiefs in his kingdom, so
that she could support her household well.  She often conversed
with the king, who was remarkably kind towards her.  In the
spring following (A.D. 1166) Kristin sent to Erling, and begged
him to pay a visit to the Danish king, and enter into a peace
with him.  In summer Erling was in Viken, where he fitted out a
long-ship, manned it with his finest lads, and sailed (a single
ship) over to Jutland.  When he heard that the Danish king
Valdemar was in Randaros, Erling sailed thither, and came to the
town just as the king sat at the dinner-table, and most of the
people were taking their meal.  When his people had made
themselves ready according to Erling's orders, set up the
ship-tents, and made fast the ship, Erling landed with twelve
men, all in armour, with hats over their helmets, and swords
under their cloaks.  They went to the king's lodging, where the
doors stood open, and the dishes were being carried in.  Erling
and his people went in immediately, and drew up in front of the
high-seat.  Erling said, "Peace and safe conduct we desire, king,
both here and to return home."

The king looked at him, and said, "Art thou here, Erling?"

He replies, "Here is Erling; and tell us, at once, if we shall
have peace and safe conduct."

There were eighty of the king's men in the room, but all unarmed.
The king replies, "Peace ye shall have, Erling, according to thy
desire; for I will not use force or villainy against a man who
comes to visit me."

Erling then kissed the king's hand, went out, and down to his
ship.  Erling stayed at Randaros some time with the king, and
they talked about terms of peace between them and between the
countries.  They agreed that Erling should remain as hostage with
the Danish king; and that Asbjorn Snara, Bishop Absalon's
brother, should go to Norway as hostage on the other part. 

30. KING VALDEMAR AND ERLING.

In a conference which King Valdemar and Erling once had together.
Erling said, "Sire, it appears to me likely that it might lead to
a peace between the countries if you got that part of Norway
which was promised you in our agreement; but if it should be so,
what chief would you place over it?  Would he be a Dane?"

"No," replied the king; "no Danish chief would go to Norway,
where he would have to manage an obstinate hard people, when he
has it so easy here with me."

Erling: "It was on that very consideration that I came here; for
I would not on any account in the world deprive myself of the
advantage of your friendship.  In days of old other men, Hakon
Ivarson and Fin Arnason, came also from Norway to Denmark, and
your predecessor, King Svein, made them both earls.  Now I am not
a man of less power in Norway than they were then, and my
influence is not less than theirs; and the king gave them the
province of Halland to rule over, which he himself had and owned
before.  Now it appears to me, sire, that you, if I become your
man and vassal, can allow me to hold of you the fief which my son
Magnus will not deny me, by which I will be bound in duty, and
ready, to undertake all the service belonging to that title."

Erling spoke such things, and much more in the same strain, until
it came at last to this, that Erling became Valdemar's man and
vassal; and the king led Erling to the earl's seat one day, and
gave him the title of earl, and Viken as a fief under his rule.
Earl Erling went thereafter to Norway, and was earl afterwards as
long as he lived; and also the peace with the Danish king was
afterwards always preserved.  Earl Erling had four sons by his
concubines.  The one was called Hreidar, the next Ogmund; and
these by two different mothers: the third was called Fin; the
fourth Sigurd: these were younger, and their mother was Asa the
Fair.  The princess Kristin and Earl Erling had a daughter called
Ragnhild, who was married to Jon Thorbergson of Randaberg.
Kristin went away from the country with a man called Grim Rusle;
and they went to Constantinople, where they were for a time, and
had some children.

31. BEGINNING OF OLAF.

Olaf, a son of Gudbrand Skafhaug, and Maria, a daughter of King
Eystein Magnuson, were brought up in the house of Sigurd Agnhot
in the Uplands.  While Earl Erling was in Denmark (A.D. 1166),
Olaf and his foster-father gathered a troop together, and many
Upland people joined them; and Olaf was chosen king by them. 
They went with their bands through the Uplands, and sometimes
down to Viken, and sometimes east to the forest settlements; but
never came on board of ships.  Now when, Earl Erling got news of
this troop, he hastened to Viken with his forces; and was there
in summer in his ships, and in Oslo in autumn (A.D. 1167) and
kept Yule there.  He had spies up the country after this troop,
and went himself, along with Orm, the King-brother, up the
country to follow them.  Now when they came to a lake called....
.... (1) they took all the vessels that were upon the lake.

ENDNOTES:
(1)  The name of the lake not given.

32. OF ERLING.

The priest who performed divine service at a place called
Rydiokul, close by the lake, invited the earl to a feast at
Candlemas.  The earl promised to come; and thinking it would be
good to hear mass there, he rowed with his attendants over the
lake the night before Candlemas day.  But the priest had another
plan on hand.  He sent men to bring Olaf news of Earl Erling's
arrival.  The priest gave Erling strong drink in the evening, and
let him have an excessive quantity of it.  When the earl wished
to lie down and sleep, the beds were made ready in the drinking-
room; but when they had slept a short time the earl awoke, and
asked if it was not the hour for matins.  The priest replied,
that only a small part of the night was gone, and told him to
sleep in peace.  The earl replied, "I dream of many things
to-night, and I sleep ill." He slumbered again, but awoke soon,
and told the priest to get up and sing mass.  The priest told the
earl to sleep, and said it was but midnight.  Then the earl again
lay down, slept a little while, and, springing out of bed,
ordered his men to put on their clothes.  They did so; took their
weapons, went to the church, and laid their arms outside while
the priest was singing matins.

33. BATTLE AT RYDIOKUL.

As Olaf got the message in the evening, they travelled in the
night six miles, which people considered an extraordinarily long
march.  They arrived at Rydiokul while the priest was still
singing mass, and it was pitch-dark.  Olaf and his men went into
the room, raised a war-shout, and killed some of the earl's men
who had not gone to the early mass.  Now when Erling and his men
heard the war-shout, they ran to their weapons, and hastened down
to their ships.  Olaf and his men met them at a fence, at which
there was a sharp conflict.  Erling and his men retreated along
the fence, which protected them.  Erling had far fewer men, and
many of them had fallen, and still more were wounded.  What
helped Earl Erling and his men the most was, that Olaf's men
could not distinguish them, it was so dark; and the earl's men
were always drawing down to their ships.  Are Thorgeirson, father
of Bishop Gudmund fell there, and many other of Erling's court-
men.  Erling himself was wounded in the left side; but some say
he did it himself in drawing his sword.  Orm the King-brother was
also severely wounded; and with great difficulty they escaped to
their ships, and instantly pushed off from land.  It was
generally considered as a most unlucky meeting for Olaf's people,
as Earl Erling was in a manner sold into their hands, if they had
proceeded with common prudence.  He was afterwards called Olaf
the Unlucky; but others called his people Hat-lads.  They went
with their bands through the Uplands as before.  Erling again
went down to Viken to his ships, and remained there all summer.
Olaf was in the Uplands, and sometimes east in the forest
districts, where he and his troop remained all the next winter
(A.D. 1168).

34. BATTLE AT STANGAR.

The following spring the Hat-lads went down to Viken, and raised
the king's taxes all around, and remained there long in summer.
When Earl Erling heard this, he hastened with his troops to meet
them in Viken, and fell in with them east of the Fjord, at a
place called Stangar; where they had a great battle, in which
Erling was victorious.  Sigurd Agnhot, and many others of Olaf's
men, fell there; but Olaf escaped by flight, went south to
Denmark, and was all winter (A.D. 1169) in Alaborg in Jutland.
The following spring Olaf fell into an illness which ended in
death, and he was buried in the Maria church; and the Danes call
him a saint.

35. HARALD'S DEATH.

King Magnus had a lenderman called Nikolas Kufung, who was a son
of Pal Skaptason.  He took Harald prisoner, who called himself a
son of King Sigurd Haraldson and the princess Kristin, and a
brother of King Magnus by the mother's side.  Nikolas brought
Harald to Bergen, and delivered him into Earl Erling's hands.  It
was Erling's custom when his enemies came before him, that he
either said nothing to them, or very little, and that in all
gentleness, when he had determined to put them to death; or rose
with furious words against them, when he intended to spare their
lives.  Erling spoke but little to Harald, and many, therefore,
suspected his intentions; and some begged King Magnus to put in a
good word for Harald with the earl; and the king did so.  The
earl replies, "Thy friends advise thee badly.  Thou wouldst
govern this kingdom but a short time in peace and safety, if thou
wert to follow the counsels of the heart only."  Earl Erling
ordered Harald to be taken to Nordnes, where he was beheaded.

36. EYSTEIN EYSTEINSON AND THE BIRKEBEINS.

There was a man called Eystein, who gave himself out for a son of
King Eystein Haraldson.  He was at this time young, and not full
grown.  It is told of him that he one summer appeared in
Svithjod, and went to Earl Birger Brosa, who was then married to
Brigida, Eystein's aunt, a daughter of King Harald Gille. 
Eystein explained his business to him, and asked their
assistance.  Both Earl Birger and his wife listened to him in a
friendly way, and promised him their confidence, and he stayed
with them a while.  Earl Birger gave him some assistance of men,
and a good sum for travelling expenses; and both promised him
their friendship on his taking leave.  Thereafter Eystein
proceeded north into Norway (A.D. 1174), and when he came down to
Viken people flocked to him in crowds; and Eystein was there
proclaimed king, and he remained in Viken in winter.  As they
were very poor in money, they robbed all around, wherefore the
lendermen and bondes raised men against them; and being thus
overpowered by numbers, they fled away to the forests and
deserted hill grounds, where they lived for a long time.  Their
clothes being worn out, they wound the bark of the birch-tree
about their legs, and thus were called by the bondes Birkebeins.
They often rushed down upon the settled districts, pushed on here
or there, and made an assault where they did not find many people
to oppose them.  They had several battles with the bondes with
various success; and the Birkebeins held three battles in regular
array, and gained the victory in them all.  At Krokaskog they had
nearly made an unlucky expedition, for a great number of bondes
and men-at-arms were assembled there against them; but the
Birkebeins felled brushwood across the roads, and retired into
the forest.  They were two years (A.D. 1175-1176) in Viken before
they showed themselves in the northern parts of the country.

37. BIRKEBEINS, KING EYSTEIN, AND SKAKKE.

Magnus had been king for thirteen years when the Birkebeins first
made their appearance.  They got themselves ships in the third
summer (A.D. 1176), with which they sailed along the coast
gathering goods and men.  They were first in Viken; but when
summer advanced they proceeded northwards, and so rapidly that no
news preceded them until they came to Throndhjem.  The
Birkebeins' troop consisted principally of hill-men and Elfgrims,
and many were from Thelemark; and all were well armed.  Their
king, Eystein, was a handsome man, and with a little but good
countenance; and he was not of great stature, for his men called
him Eystein Meyla.  King Magnus and Earl Erling were in Bergen
when the Birkebeins sailed past it to the north; but they did not
hear of them.

Earl Erling was a man of great understanding and power, an
excellent leader in war, and an able and prudent ruler of the
country; but he had the character of being cruel and severe.  The
cause of this was principally that he never allowed his enemies
to remain in the country, even when they prayed to him for mercy;
and therefore many joined the bands which were collected against
him.  Erling was a tall strong-made man, somewhat short-necked
and high-shouldered; had a long and sharp countenance of a light
complexion, and his hair became very grey.  He bore his head a
little on one side; was free and agreeable in his manners.  He
wore the old fashion of clothes, -- long body-pieces and long
arms to his coats, foreign cloak, and high shoes.  He made the
king wear the same kind of dress in his youth; but when he grew
up, and acted for himself, he dressed very sumptuously.

King Magnus was of a light turn of mind, full of jokes; a great
lover of mirth, and not less of women.

38. OF NIKOLAS.

Nikolas was a son of Sigurd Hranason and of Skialdvor, a daughter
of Brynjolf Ulfalde, and a sister of Haldor Brynjolfson by the
father's side, and of King Magnus Barefoot by the mother's side.
Nikolas was a distinguished chief, who had a farm at Ongul in
Halogaland, which was called Steig.  Nikolas had also a house in
Nidaros, below Saint Jon's church, where Thorgeir the scribe
lately dwelt.  Nikolas was often in the town, and was president
of the townspeople.  Skialdvor, Nikolas's daughter, was married
to Eirik Arnason, who was also a lenderman.

39. OF EIRIK AND NIKOLAS.

As the people of the town were coming from matins the last day of
Marymas (September 8th), Eirik came up to Nikolas, and said,
"Here are some fishermen come from the sea, who report that some
long-ships are sailing into the fjord; and people conjecture that
these may be the Birkebeins.  It would be advisable to call the
townspeople together with the war-horns, to meet under arms out
on Eyrar."

Nikolas replies, "I don't go after fishermen's reports; but I
shall send out spies to the fjord, and in the meantime hold a
Thing to-day."

Eirik went home; but when they were ringing to high mass, and
Nikolas was going to church, Eirik came to hint again, and said,
"I believe the news to be true; for here are men who say they saw
them under sail; and I think it would be most advisable to ride
out of town, and gather men with arms; for it appears to me the
townspeople will be too few."

Nikolas replies, "Thou art mixing everything together; let us
first hear mass, and then take our resolution."

Nikolas then went into the church.  When the mass was over Eirik
went to Nikolas, and said, "My horses are saddled; I will ride
away."

Nikolas replies, "Farewell, then: we will hold a Thing to-day on
the Eyrar, and examine what force of men there may be in the
town."

Eirik rode away, and Nikolas went to his house, and then to
dinner.

40. THE FALL OF NIKOLAS.

The meat was scarcely put on the table, when a man came into the
house to tell Nikolas that the Birkebeins were roving up the
river.  Then Nikolas called to his men to take their weapons.
When they were armed Nikolas ordered them to go up into the loft.
But that was a most imprudent step; for if they had remained in
the yard, the townspeople might have come to their assistance;
but now the Birkebeins filled the whole yard, and from thence
scrambled from all sides up to the loft.  They called to Nikolas,
and offered him quarter, but he refused it.  Then they attacked
the loft.  Nikolas and his men defended themselves with bow-shot,
hand-shot, and stones of the chimney; but the Birkebeins hewed
down the houses, broke up the loft, and returned shot for shot
from bow or hand.  Nikolas had a red shield in which were gilt
nails, and about it was a border of stars.  The Birkebeins shot
so that the arrows went in up to the arrow feather.  Then said
Nikolas, "My shield deceives me."  Nikolas and a number of his
people fell, and his death was greatly lamented.  The Birkebeins
gave all the towns-people their lives.

41. EYSTEIN PROCLAIMED KING.

Eystein was then proclaimed king, and all the people submitted to
him.  He stayed a while in the town, and then went into the
interior of the Throndhjem land, where many joined him, and among
them Thorfin Svarte of Snos with a troop of people.  When the
Birkebeins, in the beginning of winter (A.D. 1177), came again
into the town, the sons of Gudrun from Saltnes, Jon Ketling,
Sigurd, and William, joined them; and when they proceeded
afterwards from Nidaros up Orkadal, they could number nearly 2000
men.  They afterwards went to the Uplands, and on to Thoten and
Hadaland, and from thence to Ringerike, and subdued the country
wheresover they came.

42. THE FALL OF KING EYSTEIN.

King Magnus went eastward to Viken in autumn with a part of his
men and with him Orm, the king's brother; but Earl Erling
remained behind in Bergen to meet the Berkebeins in case they
took the sea route.  King Magnus went to Tunsberg, where he and
Orm held their Yule (A.D. 1177).  When King Magnus heard that the
Birkebeins were up in Re, the king and Orm proceeded thither with
their men.  There was much snow, and it was dreadfully cold. 
When they came to the farm they left the beaten track on the
road, and drew up their array outside of the fence, and trod a
path through the snow with their men, who were not quite 1500 in
number.  The Birkebeins were dispersed here and there in other
farms, a few men in each house.  When they perceived King
Magnus's army they assembled, and drew up in regular order; and
as they thought their force was larger than his, which it
actually was, they resolved to fight; but when they hurried
forward to the road only a few could advance at a time, which
broke their array, and the men fell who first advanced upon the
beaten way.  Then the Birkebeins' banner was cut down; those who
were nearest gave way and some took to flight.  King Magnus's men
pursued them, and killed one after the other as they came up with
them.  Thus the Birkebeins could never form themselves in array;
and being exposed to the weapons of the enemy singly, many of
them fell, and many fled.  It happened here, as it often does,
that although men be brave and gallant, if they have once been
defeated and driven to flight, they will not easily be brought to
turn round.  Now the main body of the Birkebeins began to fly,
and many fell; because Magnus's men killed all they could lay
hold of, and not one of them got quarter.  The whole body became
scattered far and wide.  Eystein in his flight ran into a house,
and begged for his life, and that the bonde would conceal him;
but the bonde killed him, and then went to King Magnus, whom he
found at Rafnnes, where the king was in a room warming himself by
the fire along with many people.  Some went for the corpse, and
bore it into the room, where the king told the people to come and
inspect the body.  A man was sitting on a bench in the corner,
and he was a Birkebein, but nobody had observed him; and when he
saw and recognised his chief's body he sprang up suddenly and
actively, rushed out upon the floor, and with an axe he had in
his hands made a blow at King Magnus's neck between the
shoulders.  A man saw the axe swinging, and pulled the king to a
side, by which the axe struck lower in the shoulder, and made a
large wound.  He then raised the axe again, and made a blow at
Orm, the King-brother, who was lying on a bench, and the blow was
directed at both legs; but Orm seeing the man about to kill him,
drew in his feet instantly, threw them over his head, and the
blow fell on the bench, in which the axe stuck fast; and then the
blows at the Birkebein came so thick that he could scarcely fall
to the ground.  It was discovered that he had dragged his
entrails after him over the floor; and this man's bravery was
highly praised.  King Magnus's men followed the fugitives, and
killed so many that they were tired of it.  Thorfin of Snos, and
a very great number of Throndhjem people, fell there.

43. OF THE BIRKEBEINS.

The faction which called itself the Birkebeins had gathered
together in great numbers.  They were a hardy people, and the
boldest of men under arms; but wild, and going forward madly when
they had a strong force.  They had few men in their faction who
were good counsellors, or accustomed to rule a country by law, or
to head an army; and if there were such men among them who had
more knowledge, yet the many would only allow of those measures
which they liked, trusting always to their numbers and courage.
Of the men who escaped many were wounded, and had lost both their
clothes and their arms, and were altogether destitute of money.
Some went east to the borders, some went all the way east to
Svithjod; but the most of them went to Thelemark, where they had
their families.  All took flight, as they had no hope of getting
their lives from King Magnus or Earl Erling.

44. OF KING MAGNUS ERLINGSON.

King Magnus then returned to Tunsberg, and got great renown by
this victory; for it had been an expression in the mouths of all,
that Earl Erling was the shield and support of his son and
himself.  But after gaining a victory over so strong and numerous
a force with fewer troops, King Magnus was considered by all as
surpassing other leaders, and that he would become a warrior as
much greater than his father, Earl Erling, as he was younger.

[End of Snorri Sturlson's "Heimskringla"]